Are Women's Bio-identical hormones safe? Bio-identical hormones exist naturally in the human body, so it is axiomatic that these are safe.  However, we are interested in a slightly different question. What is the safety of bio-identical hormones as routinely used in medical practice?  Let's try to answer this question.

The Safety of Water compared to Bio-Identical Hormones

Water is safe, beneficial and required for health.  Yet, even so, drinking excess amounts of water causes death from Fatal Water Intoxication.(1)

Left Image: Water with Droplets Courtesy of Wikimedia

Similarly, just like water, bio-identical hormones are safe and beneficial when used at proper dosages.  Like excessive water, excessive hormone dosage may result in their own adverse side effects.  Excess estrogen, for example, causes fluid retention, breast sensitivity and enlargement, and  disordered mood. 

Humans Have Bio-Identical Hormones.

Another answer to the safety question is that bio-identical hormones are found in the human body naturally.  Any harmful substance in the human body would impair survival, and over millions of years of evolution would be eliminated by natural selection.  This is the basic concept of Darwinian evolution which is accepted by mainstream medical science.

A 50 Million Year Medical Experiment

Consider the following medical experiment, performed over the last 50 million years with the help of our friend, Darwinian evolution.(2)  Bio-Identical Hormones have been present in the human body for 50 million years, and we humans are still here on the planet.  I would consider that a successful medical experiment, wouldn't you?

Either Excess or Deficiency of Anything Can be Harmful

One of our routine labs tests called the Chem Panel measures electrolytes and glucose levels in the blood. The body automatically maintains these within narrow ranges to maintain health.  If levels deviate above or below these normal ranges, this causes a serious health disturbance.  For example elevated potassium levels causes cardiac arrest.  Magnesium deficiency causes muscle spasm and arrythmia. Excessive amounts of Vitamins A and D are toxic.  Hormones levels enjoy a considerably wide range of acceptable limits.  Even so, a deficiency or an excess of women's bio-identical hormones can produce adverse symptoms.  This is called estrogen deficiency/excess, and progesterone deficiency/excess, and they each have typical signs and symptoms easily recognized.(3)

Common Signs of Estrogen Deficiency (4)
 
Mental fogginess
Forgetfulness
Depression
Minor anxiety
Mood change
Difficulty falling asleep
Hot flashes
Night sweats
Temperature swings
Day-long fatigue
Reduced stamina
Decreased sense of sexuality
Lessened self-image and attention to appearance
Dry eyes, skin, and vagina
Loss of skin radiance
Feel balanced 2nd part of cycle
Sagging breasts and loss of fullness
Pain with sexual activity
Weight gain
Increased back and joint pain
Episodes of rapid heartbeat
Headaches and migraines
Gastrointestinal discomfort
Constipation

Common Signs of Excess Estrogen (takes longer to notice)

Breast tenderness or pain
Increased breast size
Water retention, fingers, legs
Impatient, snappy behavior, but with clear mind
Pelvic cramps
Nausea

Common Signs of Progesterone Deficiency

No period at all (no ovulation)
The period comes infrequently (every few months)
Heavy and frequent periods (large clots, due to buildup in the uterus)
Spotting a few days before the period. (Progesterone level is dropping)
PMS
Cystic breasts
Painful breasts
Breasts with lumps
Most cases of endometriosis, adenomyosis, and fibroids.
Anxiety, irritability, nervousness and water retention

Above list courtesy of Uzzi Reiss MD OB GYN. (4)

No Reported Adverse Events from Bio-Identical Hormones

Over-the-counter pain pills (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, naproxen and ibuprofen are considered fairly safe.  After all, you don't need a prescription to buy them, yet they cause an estimated 16,500 deaths in the US annually, mostly from gastric bleeding.(5)  Compare this to no reported adverse events from bio-identical hormones last year, according to an FDA press conference January 2008.(6)
 
Do Bio-Identical Hormones Cause Breast Cancer?(7)

The answer is no. According to the French Cohort study, there is no increase in breast cancer in women using bio-identical hormones.(8)  However, having said that, avoiding excess environmental estrogens as well as excessive estrogen levels from any source, is the key to preventing breast cancer.(9)  My previous article covers our program for breast cancer prevention which includes iodine supplementation, Indole-3-carbinol and fiber. To read about this, see: Iodine Prevents Breast Cancer (10)

Left Image: Eiffel Tower Paris France Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Do Bio-Identical Hormones Cause Heart Disease ? 

Again, the answer is no. A study of CAT calcium scores by JoAnn E. Manson in the June 2007 JAMA actually showed less heart disease in the women taking unopposed estrogen (they had hysterectomies and were not given the synthetic progestins).(11)  These same results had already been published 2 years previously in a calcium score study by Budoff in J Womens Health 2005. (12)
 
A Closer Look at the Women's Health Initiative WHI Study

Understanding the Women's Health Inititative (WHI) study is not difficult, and is very important to answer the question of hormone safety.  The WHI study was the large NIH sponsored medical study which compared synthetic hormones to placebo in two large groups of women.  The WHI study consisted of two arms.  The first arm used the synthetic hormones Premarin and Provera,  and the second arm used Premarin alone.(13)(14)

What is Premarin and Provera?

Premarin and Provera are not bio-identical hormones.  Premarin is a hormone obtained from pregnant horses, which contains Equilin, a horse hormone not found in humans.(15)  Provera is a synthetic hormone which is not found anywhere in the natural world (see provera diagram below).(16)   The Premarin and Provera combination is called PremPro, a synthetic hormone pill commonly prescribed by mainstream medicine.  Prempro was the hormone preparation used in the first arm of the WHI study.(13)

WHI study First Arm:

The WHI study (first arm published in JAMA 2002) was terminated early because the combination of premarin and provera (Prempro) caused increased breast cancer and heart disease.(13)

Immediately after this study was published, there was a massive switch by women to bio-identical hormones which resulted in huge (approx 4 billion dollar) loss for Wyeth, the maker of Prempro.  Wyeth responded by asking the FDA to ban bioidentiucal hormones.  Needless to say, this attempt was unsuccessful.

WHI Study (Second Arm):

All the women in the second arm of the WHI study had prior hysterectomies (uterus absent), so they did not need the synthetic progestin, provera commonly given to  prevent endometrial cancer.   Rather, they were only given Premarin (the horse hormone, also called CEE, for Conjugated Equine Estrogen).  Unlike the first arm of the study, these women had no increase in breast cancer risk.(18) (see chart below)

Left Chart: This chart shows data from the  second arm of the WHI in JAMA 2004.(14) 
The blue bars represents adverse events in the placebo group. The red bars represents adverse events in women (ages 50-59) on premarin only, with no Provera (progestin).  Note that the Red bars are all Lower than the Blue bars. The Red bar (Premarin-only) group shows LESS heart disease, LESS breast cancer and LESS Mortality when compared to placebo (blue bar).  Chart Courtesy of Susan Ott MD Bone Physiology.(19)

Premarin causes endometrial cancer, so the mainstream medical system always gives Provera (progestins) to prevent endometrial cancer, unless of course, the uterus is absent from prior hysterectomy.(20)

The WHI Culprit was the Synthetic Progestin (an altered form of Progesterone)

Back to the first arm of the WHI which used Prempro, it is clear from the data that the  culprit which caused breast cancer and heart disease was Provera, a synthetic monster hormone.  This is nothing new.  For years, Provera has been known to cause heart disease  and breast cancer.(21)(22)(39)

Provera Proven to Cause Breast Cancer

In fact, medical studies prove that Provera causes breast cancer.  In these studies, Primates were treated with either Progesterone or Provera showing that the Provera causes breast cancer, while the Progesterone provides protection from breast cancer.(22)
 
Monster Hormones are Chemically Altered

Chemically altered hormones were used in the WHI study, and are routinely handed out by the medical system.  These altered hormones are monsters that should never have been approved for marketing to the American people.  They should be banned.  

Image Left:  Another Monster: Boris Karloff from Frankenstein 1931.Courtesy of Wikimedia.

The Media Says Hormones Cause Cancer and Heart Disease

If bio-identical hormones are so safe, then why do the newspapers say that women's hormones cause breast cancer and heart disease?(23)

The answer is that the media and the medical profession routinely confuse synthetic chemically altered monster hormones with the bio-identical hormones.  The drug companies intentionally create this confusion because they want to hide the fact that synthetic hormones are monsters that should be banned.

Chemically altered hormones were made because of a quirk in our legal system which grants patent protection for chemically altered versions of a natural substance.  The natural hormones were chemically altered so that they could be patented to protect profits from competition.  Naturally occurring bio-identical hormones by law cannot be patented. 

Examples of monster synthetic hormones are provera, all progestins, and birth control pills which are never found in nature. These are the monster hormones.

A Listing of a Few Monster Hormones:

Chemically Altered forms of progesterone:
Dienogest, Desogestrel, Drospirenone, Dydrogesterone, Ethisterone, Etonogestrel, Ethynodiol diacetate, Gestodene, Gestonorone, Levonorgestrel, Lynestrenol, Medroxyprogesterone, Megestrol, Norelgestromin, Norethisterone, Norethynodrel, Norgestimate, Norgestrel, Norgestrienone, Tibolone

Chemically altered forms of estrogen:
Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Mestranol

Chemically alered hormones in BCP's Birth Control Pills:
levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol [oral contraceptive] (ALESSE 28, AVIANE, NORDETTE, SEASONALE, TRIPHASIL, TRIVORA-28); norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol (COMBI PATCH, LOESTRIN FE 1/20, NEOCON 1/35, ORTHO-NOVUM 7/7/7, OVCON 35); norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol (ORTHO-CYCLEN, ORTHOTRI-CYCLEN, TRINESSA); norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (LO/OVRAL 28, LOW-OGESTREL), desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol (DESOGEN, MIRCETTE, ORTHO-CEPT), drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol (YASMIN)

Chemically altered forms of testosterone:
Androstanolone, Fluoxymesterone, Mesterolone, Methyltestosterone

How to make a Monster Hormone, Add a Side-Chain (in Red below)
Below Images: Courtesy of wikemedia commons. 

    

    Human  Progesterone                   Provera - the Monster Hormone 

Take a good look at human bio-identical Progesterone (Upper left), and the chemically altered version (upper right) Provera (medroxyprogesterone).  The added side-chain is labeled in RED on the right side of the Provera molecule.  This side-chain (in red) has been added in order to make a totally new structure that can be patented, and is the only difference with progesterone (upper left).  In the process of adding this side-chain, a Monster was created.  In the opinion of John R Lee MD,  "to prescribe a chemically altered version of progesterone called Provera is medical malpractice", and yet this practice is common in mainstream medicine.

An Illustration which Explains the Problem  of Synthetic Drugs

Supposing a biochemist working for a drug company has an idea to alter the chemical structure of vitamin C so a patent can be obtained.  The biochemist adds a chlorine molecule to the vitamin C carbon ring, and gives is a new name "super-Vitamin C", which is really a chlorinated version of vitamin C.  Next they do a one year medical study with 5,000 people taking the chlorinated vitamin C tablet every day, and another 5000 people taking a placebo.  After the year is up, they count a .5 per cent incidence of heart disease events in the Super Vitamin C group and a 1.0 percent in the placebo group.   FDA approval is easily obtained based on  reduction in heart disease events by 50 per cent (.5 per cent is 50% of 1.0 %).  The drug company is at liberty to spend million dollars on television advertising designed to rake in millions more for the new heart prevention miracle drug.  This absurd scenario is now the norm for our medical system.  Why would anyone want to spend money for a monster version of vitamin C when the real thing is available for pennies?  Why use a monster hormone when human hormones  are available?  Compared to their monster counterparts, Bio-Identical Hormones are more effective, have fewer adverse side effects, and are less costly.

High Hormone Levels of Early Pregnancy Confer Protection from Breast Cancer.

During the 16th century in Italy, breast cancer was quite rare.  An Italian doctor,Bernardino Ramazzini noted in 1713 the relatively high incidence of breast cancer in nuns and wondered whether this was related to celibate lifestyle.(24)

Recent studies confirm that early pregnancy and multiple pregnancies confer protection from breast cancer, while no pregnancies (as in the nuns) leads to increased risk of breast cancer.(25)  This protection is thought to be confered by high levels of progesterone.  This was confirmed in a 2007 study by Rajkumar who showed that hormone treatment protected genetically engineered mice from developing breast cancer.
(26)

Left image Pregnancy, courtesy of wikipemedia commons.

Progesterone, the Great Protector

Progesterone is so safe, it is available over the counter without a prescription.  In addition, a deficiency of progesterone is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk.(27)  Progesterone is known to be protective and prevents breast cancer.(28)

Why Don't Birth Control Pills use Natural Progesterone?

Birth Control Pills, BCP's, are very effective at preventing pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. However, BCP's contain synthetic hormones which have adverse side effects.(29)(30)(31)  An alternative to the oral birth control pill is the non-hormonal Copper T-IUD approved for women of all ages.  For more on this see my article on the Adverse Effects of Birth Control Pills.


More on Breast Cancer and Hormone Levels

If high estrogen levels were the primary cause of breast cancer, we would expect to find more breast cancer mortality in women with higher hormone levels at age 30, and less breast cancer in women with low hormone levels at age 60 (post-menopausal).  However, what we find is the exact opposite.  According to the CDC, mortality from breast cancer is 7 times higher in the older women aged 60 (0.7 per cent), compared to younger women aged 30 (0.1 per cent).  Mortality from breast cancer is 700 % higher in post-menopausal women with low hormone levels.(link)

Conclusion

In conclusion, bio-identical hormones used at appropriate dosages are safe, effective, and beneficial for health.  On the other hand, any chemical alteration of a human hormone creates a monster hormone, which is not bioidentical.  These monster hormones should never have been approved for marketing and sale to the American people.  These monster hormones are unsafe, causing cancer and heart disease, and should be banned immediately.  

Articles with related interest:

The Importance of BioIdentical Hormones

Bioidentical Hormones 101, the Book By Jeffrey Dach MD


Links to Resources Articles on the Safety of BioIdentical Hormones

(1) Case for Bioidentical Hormones_Hotze_JACPS_2008.pdf
93.0 KB
by Steven F Hotze MD. 2008.(33)

(2) The Safety of Bioidentical Hormones — the Data vs. the Hype by Jacob Teitelbaum, MD in the Townsend Letter June 2007.(34)

(3) TheTruth-About-Hormone-Therapy_Erika-Schwartz-Kent-Holtorf-and-David-Brownstein_Mar-16-20009_The-Wall-Street-Journal.pdf
135.6 KB

in the Wall Stret Journal 2009 The Truth About Bioidentical Hormones by Erika Schwartz MD, David Brownstein MD, Kent Holtorf MD.(40-41)

4) The_Bioidentical_Hormone_Debate_Ken_Holtorf_MD Post Graduate Medicine Jan 2009-3.pdf
161.3 KB 
The Bioidentical Hormone Debate by Kent Holtorf Postgraduate Medicine Jan 2009

5) Hormones__in_wellness_and_disease_prevention_common_practices_current_state_evidence_Erika_Schwartz_Kent_Holtorf.pdf
454.6 KB  Schwartz, Erika T., and Kent Holtorf.
"Hormones in wellness and disease prevention: common practices,
current state of the evidence, and questions for the future."
Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 35.4 (2008): 669-705.



Schwartz, Erika T., and Kent Holtorf. "Hormones in wellness and disease prevention: common practices, current state of the evidence, and questions for the future." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 35.4 (2008): 669-705.

Thanks and credit goes to Erika Schwartz, David Brownstein and Kent Holtorf for much of the information in this article comes from their work.

Recommended Books by John R Lee MD (35)

What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Menopause (TM): The Breakthrough Book on Natural Hormone Balance

What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Premenopause: Balance Your Hormones and Your Life From Thirty to Fifty

What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About(TM): Breast Cancer: How Hormone Balance Can Help Save Your Life

(1)  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1770067
Fatal water intoxication. D J Farrell1 and L Bower. J Clin Pathol. 2003 October; 56(10): 803–804.

(2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
Charles Darwin, theory of natural selection.

(3)
http://www.johnleemd.com/store/premenstrual_syndrome.html
Excerpted From: WHAT YOUR DOCTOR MAY NOT TELL YOU ABOUT BREAST CANCER:
Balance Your Hormones and Your Life from Thirty to Fifty. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE. How Hormone Balance Can Help Save Your Life. by John R. Lee, M.D., David Zava, Ph.D. and Virginia Hopkins. Warner Books 2002

(4) Natural Hormone Balance for Women: Look Younger, Feel Stronger, and Live Life with Exuberance. by Uzzi Reiss MD

(5) http://www.drtheo.com/news/NSAIDs.pdf
Medical Progress. p 1888. June 17, 1999 The New England Journal of Medicine .  GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY OF NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS M. MICHAEL WOLFE , M.D., DAVID R. LICHTENSTEIN, M.D.,AND GURKIRPAL SINGH, M.D.

(6)  FTS HHS FDA Susan Cruzan Kathy Anderson Bioidentical Hormones_Jan_9_2008.pdf
100.1 KB
Transcript of FDA Press Conference on FDA Actions on Bio-Identical Hormones.  FTS HHS FDA Susan Cruzan KAthy Anderson January 9, 2008

(7) http://www.womentowomen.com/breasthealth/estrogenbreastcancer.aspx
Causes of Brea6t Cancer- the Estrogen Controversy, Dixie Mills MD

(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626212
Climacteric. 2002 Dec;5(4):332-40. Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a French cohort study of 3175 women.de Lignières B et al.
French Cohort Study.

(9) http://www.johnleemd.com/store/cancer_progest.html
Breast Cancer Book Intro. WHAT YOUR DOCTOR MAY NOT TELL YOU ABOUT BREAST CANCER. How Hormone Balance Can Help Save Your Life
By John R. Lee, M.D., David Zava Ph.D., and Virginia Hopkins INTRODUCTION
 
(10) Breast Cancer Prevention and Iodine Supplementation by Jeffrey Dach MD

(11) http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/356/25/2591
Estrogen Therapy and Coronary-Artery Calcification. NEJM Volume 356:2591-2602  June 21, 2007  Number 25. JoAnn E. Manson, M.D., et al.

(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15989413
J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005 Jun;14(5):410-7. Effects of hormone replacement on progression of coronary calcium as measured by electron beam tomography.Budoff MJ, et al.

(13) http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/3/321
Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators JAMA. 2002;288:321-333. First Arm.

(14) http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/14/1701
Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy
The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial.  JAMA. 2004;291:1701-1712. Second Arm. This is the Second Arm of the Study. Premarin Only.

(15) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarin
Premarin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone
Provera, Medroxyprogesterone, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(17) http://homecoalition.org/TakeAction
Take Action. Write a letter to your elected officials using our online advocacy tool. Act now to defend your right to bio-identical hormones! Please contact your congressional representative, senators, and the White House immediately. HOMECoalition.org.

(18) http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/14/1647
Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy. Marcia L. Stefanick, PhD et al. for the WHI Investigators. JAMA. 2006;295:1647-1657. Conclusions  Treatment with CEE alone for 7.1 years does not increase breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy.

(19)
http://courses.washington.edu/bonephys/opestrogen.html#WHI
Osteoporosis and Bone Physiology, Susan Ott, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Washington.  A Review of the results from the Women's Health Initiative.

(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3358913
The dose-effect relationship between 'unopposed' oestrogens and endometrial mitotic rate: its central role in explaining and predicting endometrial cancer risk.Key TJ, Pike MC.
Br J Cancer. 1988 Feb;57(2):205-12.

(21) http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/7/1171
Should Progestins Be Blamed for the Failure of Hormone Replacement Therapy to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Randomized Controlled Trials?   Kwang Kon Koh; Ichiro Sakuma. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2004;24:1171.

(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16841178
Effects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys.Wood CE et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007 Jan;101(2):125-34.

(23) http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002897,00.html
The Truth About Hormones Monday, Jul. 22, 2002 Time Magazine. By CHRISTINE GORMAN AND ALICE PARK


(24) http://ncronline.org/news/australian-researchers-nuns-should-take-pill-protect-against-cancer

(24) http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2006/04/17/hlsa0417.htm
AMA Medical NEws. Collecting clues: Cancer registries might have an answer. By Kathleen Phalen Tomaselli, AMNews correspondent. April 17, 2006.

"Records indicate that the earliest observations of patterns of disease occurred in the 17th century, as elders gathered death information for publication in London's weekly Bill of Mortality. By the 18th century, Bernardino Ramazzini, in his De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, noted an increased risk of breast cancer in nuns" Quote from above article.

(24) Also see this article

(25) http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/7/3/131
The protective role of pregnancy in breast cancer. Jose Russo et al.Breast Cancer Research 2005, 7:131-142doi:10.1186/bcr1029

(26) http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17257424
Hormone-induced protection of mammary tumorigenesis in genetically engineered mouse models by Lakshmanaswamy Rajkumar et al.Breast Cancer Res. 2007; 9(1): R12.

(27) http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/209
BREAST CANCER INCIDENCE IN WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF PROGESTERONE DEFICIENCY   by  LINDA D. COWAN et al. American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 114, No. 2: 209-217

(28) http://www.annclinlabsci.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/6/360
Progesterone inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: inverse effects on Bcl-2 and p53.  B Formby and TS Wiley. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, Vol 28, Issue 6, 360-369
 
(29) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_pill
Combined oral contraceptive pill. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Birth control pill)

(30) http://www.worstpills.org/results.cfm?disease_id=26
Oral Contraceptives on Worst Pills.org. The pill can cause many adverse effects. Some of them are merely a nuisance, while others can be life-threatening. The pill can cause headaches, bloating, nausea, irregular bleeding and spotting, breast tenderness, weight gain, or vision changes. Other more serious adverse effects that can occur from a few months to a few years after starting oral contraceptives include high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, liver tumors, depression, and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. Temporary infertility has been associated with the period of time right after pill use is stopped. But the two most dangerous risks associated with taking birth control pills are blood clots and cancer.

(31)
http://www.jeffreywarber.com/hc%20pages/pillsideeffects.html
Birth COntrol Pill Adverse Side Effects by Jeffrey Warber MD

(32) http://www.quickoverview.com/reproductive/birth-control-pill.html
History and Development of an effective combined oral contraceptive. People Involved.

(33) http://www.jpands.org/vol13no2/hotze.pdf
Point/Counterpoint: The Case for Bioidentical Hormones Steven F. Hotze, M.D.Donald P. Ellsworth, M.D.Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons Volume 13 Number 2 Summer 2008

(34)
http://www.townsendletter.com/June2007/painfree0607.htm
The Safety of Bioidentical Hormones — the Data vs. the Hype by Jacob Teitelbaum, MD

( 35) Books by John R Lee MD

Wyeth and the FDA

(36)   http//:naturalnews.com/022595.html

FDA's Assault of Bioidentical Hormones Demonstrates Pro-Pharma Loyalties, Disregard for Consumer Choice Tuesday, February 05, 2008 by: Mike Adams 

(37) link deleted

(38) link deleted

Provera and Heart Disease

(39) http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/1/217
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Antagonizes Inhibitory Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis. Michael R. Adams; Thomas C. Register; Deborah L. Golden; Janice D. Wagner; J. Koudy Williams .Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997;17:217-221.

Bio-Identical Hormone Inititiative

(40) link deleted

(41) http://www.bioidenticalhormoneinitiative.org/
Bio-Identical Hormone Inititiative, Erika Schwartz MD, David Brownstein MD, Kent Holtorf MD

Additional References

http://www.endfatigue.com/health_articles_f-n/Menapause-safety_effectiveness_bioidentical_hormones.html
The Safety and Effectiveness of Bio-Identical Hormones: Natural (Bio-Identical) vs. Synthetic HRT
Kent Holtorf, M.D. Dr. Holtorf is the Medical Director of the Holtorf Medical Group, Inc, Center for Hormone Imbalance and Fatiguing Conditions in Los Angeles, specializing in CFS, FM, hypothyroidism, chronic illness and the treatment of complex endocrine dysfunction. He is board certified and is a Board Examiner for the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine. He is also chief of the Medical Advisory Board for the Fibromyalgia and Fatigue Centers, Inc.

http://www.thorne.com/media/hormones11-3.pdf
A Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioidentical Hormones for the Management of Menopause and Related Health Risks Deborah Moskowitz, ND.  Altern Med Rev 2006;11(3):208-223)

http://www.drcranton.com/hrt/hrt_references.htm
Hormone Replacement References.  Most references below are linked to the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE)

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408096_print
Special Article: Addressing Postmenopausal Estrogen Deficiency: A Position Paper of the American Council on Science and Health January 26, 2001 Sander Shapiro, MD Medscape General Medicine 3(1), 2001.

http://www.womeninbalance.org/research/
research available women in balance.

Fatal Water Intoxication

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16614865/
Woman dies after water-drinking contest 
 
Natural and Synthetic Substances in Medicine

http://www.fimdefelice.org/archives/arc.promise.html
The Promise and Problems of Natural Substances in Medicine Stephen L. DeFelice, M.D.

http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7410x1957.pdf
Natural and synthetic substances related to human health. The dubious honor of being the most powerful toxic substance goes to a protein produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. This protein is responsible for fatal food poisoning—botulism—being produced when the bacterium grows in the absence of oxygen in canned or preserved food. 2002 IUPAC, Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, 1957–1985

Synthetic Hormones and Breast Cancer

http://www.nwhn.org/healthinfo/detail.cfm?info_id=9&topic=Fact%20Sheets
Menopause Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer. National Women's Health Network

http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/310/6979/598/b
BMJ 1995;310:598 (4 March) Letters Risk factors for breast cancer

Hormone Levels, Age and Breast Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/age.htm
Risk of Breast Cancer by Age, CDC .Percent of U.S. Women Who Die from Breast Cancer Over 10-, 20-, and 30-Year Intervals. According to Their Current Age, 2002–2004. Age 30 is 0.1%  age 60 is 0.7% .