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Jeffrey Dach MD
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Davie, FL 33314
Phone: 954-792-4663
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Links and References

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10415627

Androgens and dry eye in Sjögren's syndrome.

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 22;876:312-24. Sullivan DA et al. 
Our results demonstrate that androgens regulate both lacrimal and meibomian gland function, and suggest that topical androgen administration may serve as a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of dry eye in Sjögren's syndrome.

(2) http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/12/4874

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 85, No. 12 4874-4882,2000

Effect of Androgen Deficiency on the Human Meibomian Gland and Ocular Surface
Kathleen L. Krenzer, M. Reza Dana, M. David Ullman, Jennifer M. Cermak, Dorothy B. Tolls, James E. Evans and David A. Sullivan

Schepens Eye Research Institute (K.L.K., M.R.D., J.M.C., D.A.S.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (M.R.D., J.M.C.), Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the chronic use of antiandrogen medications leads to meibomian gland dysfunction, altered lipid profiles in meibomian gland secretions, decreased tear film stability, and evaporative dry eye.

Subjects taking antiandrogen therapy for prostatic indications, as well as age-related controls, were asked to complete a questionnaire that assessed dry eye symptoms and then were given a complete anterior segment examination. Moreover, meibomian gland secretions were obtained from each eye and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the relative content of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, wax esters, diglycerides, triglycerides, and specific molecular species in the diglyceride fraction.

Our results demonstrate that patients taking antiandrogen treatment, compared with age-related controls, had a:

1) significant increase in the frequency of appearance of tear film debris, an abnormal tear film meniscus, irregular posterior lid margins, conjunctival tarsal injection, and orifice metaplasia of the meibomian glands;

2) significant increase in the degree of ocular surface vital dye staining;
3) significant decrease in the tear film breakup time and quality of meibomian gland secretions; and
4) significant increase in the frequency of light sensitivity, painful eyes, and blurred vision.

In addition, the use of antiandrogen pharmaceuticals was associated with significant changes in the relative amounts of lipids in meibomian gland secretions. Our findings indicate that chronic androgen deficiency is associated with meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye.

(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173183
Maturitas. 2001 Jan 31;37(3):209-12.

Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca with topical androgen.
by Worda C, Nepp J, Huber JC, Sator MO. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Vienna University Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
 
OBJECTIVE: Androgens have been reported to influence lipid production of sebaceous glands and even many ocular tissues. The effect of topical androgen therapy on a 54-year-old patient with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and decreased lipid phase of the tear film is reported.

METHODS: For assessment of the lipid phase of the tear film, break up time (BUT) and lipid layer thickness (LLT) were monitored during 6 months before treatment as well as 3 months while using a daily topical androgen therapy.

RESULTS: During the topical androgen therapy the pathological lipid phase of the tear film was completely restored indicated by the normalisation of the values of BUT and LLT.

CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with animal experiments indicating that topical administered androgen can restore the decreased lipid phase of the tear film. This may open up new therapeutic strategies for KCS.

(4) http://www.schepens.harvard.edu/profiledevid/david-sullivan-phd/profile.html

Sullivan research summary at Schepens Harvard Medical School

we have shown that dry eye syndromes occur predominantly in women and that estrogen replacement therapy increases the prevalence of dry eye signs and symptoms in postmenopausal women. This latter finding is extraordinary, given that many millions of women worldwide are prescribed estrogen to alleviate menopausal symptoms and are therefore at heightened risk of developing dry eye. The precise mechanism(s) underlying the sex-related difference in, and the estrogen effect on, dry eye prevalence is unclear. However, we hypothesize that: [a] androgen deficiency and estrogen use are key factors in the predominance of dry eye syndromes in women; and [b] sex, androgen and estrogen effects are mediated through the regulation of gene expression in the cornea and the lacrimal and meibomian glands.

(5) http://www.aissg.org/PDFs/BD-Sullivan-CAIS-Meibomian-2002.pdf 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12470144 
Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;120(12):1689-99.

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: effect on human meibomian gland secretions. by Sullivan BD, Evans JE, Cermak JM, Krenzer KL, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. Schepens Eye Research Institute,

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether androgen receptors affect the fatty acid profiles of neutral and polar lipids in human meibomian gland secretions.
METHODS: Meibomian gland secretion samples were obtained from both eyes of
(1) women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, a condition characterized by dysfunctional androgen receptors, and (2) age-matched female and male controls.

Samples were processed for high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, or both and for analysis of the mass spectra of neutral and polar lipid fatty acid fragment ions by 3 different methods.

RESULTS: Androgen receptor dysfunction is associated with significant alterations in the appearance of numerous molecular species in the neutral and polar lipid fractions of meibomian gland secretions. The ability to detect these differences, and to assess their nature and extent, was facilitated by the use of several analytic approaches. Sex-related differences exist in the expression of a variety of neutral and, especially, polar fatty acid products in meibomian gland secretions.

CONCLUSIONS: Androgens exert a significant effect on neutral and polar lipids in human meibomian gland secretions, and these hormonal effects may be mediated through androgen receptors.

Sjogren's syndrome

(6) http://www.iovs.org/cgi/reprint/32/11/3002.pdf
http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/11/3002

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol 32, 3002-3006.1991
Testosterone-induced suppression of autoimmune disease in lacrimal tissue of a mouse model (NZB/NZW F1) of Sjogren's syndrome AC Vendramini, C Soo and DA Sullivan Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.

The current investigation was designed to examine whether androgen administration might suppress autoimmune disease in lacrimal glands of a mouse model (NZB/NZW F1) of Sjogren's syndrome. Autoimmune, female mice were treated with vehicle or varying concentrations of testosterone for 0, 17, 34, or 51 days, and tears, lacrimal glands, as well as submandibular tissue, were collected from killed mice after androgen exposure. Glands were histologically processed and evaluated with a computer-assisted image analysis system.

Results showed that testosterone administration induced a significant, time-dependent decrease in the extent of lymphocytic accumulation in the lacrimal gland. After 34-51 days of androgen therapy, the magnitude of lymphocyte infiltration had been suppressed 22- to 46-fold, compared with that in placebo-treated tissue. This hormone effect was associated with significant reductions in the number of focal infiltrates, the area of individual foci, and the total quantity of lymphocyte infiltration per lacrimal section. Testosterone exposure also stimulated an increase in lacrimal gland weight and a rise in tear volumes, relative to those measured in the same mice before treatment. In addition, androgens significantly diminished the extent of lymphocyte accumulation in submandibular tissue.

In summary, our results demonstrate that androgen administration may inhibit the progression of autoimmune disease in lacrimal and submandibular glands of NZB/NZW F1 mice.

(7) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120778210/abstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114274

Sullivan DA et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;966:211-22.

Androgen Deficiency, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, and Evaporative Dry Eye

Abstract: Objective. We have recently discovered that women with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome are androgen-deficient. We hypothesize that this hormone insufficiency contributes to the meibomian gland dysfunction, tear film instability, and evaporative dry eye that are characteristic of this autoimmune disorder. If our hypothesis is correct, we predict: (1) that androgens regulate meibomian gland function, control the quality and/or quantity of lipids produced by this tissue, and promote the formation of the tear film's lipid layer; and (2) that androgen deficiency, due to an attenuation in androgen synthesis (e.g., during Sjögren's syndrome, menopause, aging, complete androgen-insensitivity syndrome [CAIS] and anti-androgen use), will lead to meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye.

Methods. Experimental procedures included clinical studies, animal models, and histological, biochemical, molecular biological, and biomedical engineering techniques.

Results. (1) androgens regulate the meibomian gland. This tissue contains androgen receptor mRNA, androgen receptor protein within acinar epithelial cell nuclei, and Types 1 and 2 5a-reductase mRNAs. Moreover, androgens appear to modulate lipid production and gene expression in mouse and/or rabbit meibomian glands; and

(2) androgen deficiency may lead to meibomian gland dysfunction, altered lipid profiles in meibomian gland secretions, tear film instability, and evaporative dry eye. Thus, we have found that anti-androgen therapy in men is associated with meibomian gland disease, a decreased tear film breakup time, and functional dry eye.

Furthermore, we have discovered that androgen receptor dysfunction in women with CAIS is associated with meibomian gland changes and a significant increase in the signs and symptoms of dry eye. Of interest, we have also found that androgen deficiency is associated with significant and striking alterations in the neutral and polar lipid patterns of human meibomian gland secretions.

Conclusions. Our findings show that the meibomian gland is an androgen target organ and that androgen deficiency may promote meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye. Overall, these results support our hypothesis that androgen deficiency may be an important etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of evaporative dry eye in women with Sjögren's syndrome.

(8) http://www.aissg.org/INDEX.HTM
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome or AIS
(old name Testicular Feminization Syndrome or Testicular Feminisation Syndrome).

(9)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome

The incidence of complete AIS is about in 1 in 20,000.   Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome is a phenotypic female with a chromosomal genotype of 46,XY.The Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome has been linked to mutations in AR, the gene for the human Androgen Receptor, located at Xq11-12 (i.e. on the X chromosome). 
The principal androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).The androgen receptor (AR) is a large protein of at least 910 amino acids. Each molecule consists of a portion which binds the androgen, a zinc finger portion that binds to DNA in steroid sensitive areas of nuclear chromatin, and an area that controls transcription.


(10) http://abstracts.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/5/2450
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44: E-Abstract 2450.

Treatment of Dry Eye with a Transdermal 3% Testosterone Cream
by C.G. Connor Optometry, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, TN, United States

Sullivan and colleagues have shown androgens play a key role in regulating the function of both the lacrimal and meibomian glands. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that androgenic supplemented artificial tears were effective in relieving the symptoms of dry eye. The poor solubility of androgens resulted in considerable irritation and poor patient compliance. The present study employs transdermal delivery of testosterone to treat dry eye.

Methods:Twenty eight subjects 3 males and 25 females with a mean age of 52.5 yrs that ranged from 25 to 76 yrs. with a subjective complaint of dry eye were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups.

One group received the transdermal cream alone, while the second group used the transdermal cream supplemented with 3% testosterone. The subjects applied the cream 2 times daily for two weeks. The groups were reversed after two weeks of cream use. Baseline TBUT(tear breakup time) and Schirmer test were done prior to the study and after the use of each the two transdermal creams(control and testosterone).

Results:Baseline TBUT was 3.83 +/- 2.07 sec, testosterone was 4.13 +/- 1.83 sec, and cream alone was 4.53 +/- 2.2 sec. Schirmer results are 8.53 mm+/- 5.27 in 5 min baseline , 11.5 mm +/- 5.8 testosterone, and 7.8mm +/- 4.4 cream alone. ANOVA with post hoc student Newman-Keuls reveals that the Schirmer test results with 3% testosterone is different from baseline and cream alone at p=.05 level.

Over half the subjects reported significant improvement in dry eye symptoms with the testosterone cream.

Conclusion:Transdermal delivery of testosterone appears to be a safe and effective treatment for dry eye. The transdermal cream allows use of increased testosterone concentration and dramatically improves patient comfort.  Post-menopausal females perceived the greatest relief of symptoms from the treatment, while males had the least benefit.

(11) http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/46/10/3666
Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2005;46:3666-3675.)

Androgen Control of Gene Expression in the Mouse Meibomian Gland by Frank Schirra,1,2 Tomo Suzuki,1,2 Stephen M. Richards,1 Roderick V. Jensen,3 Meng Liu,1,2 Michael J. Lombardi,3 Patricia Rowley,3 Nathaniel S. Treister,1,4 and David A. Sullivan1,2

From the Schepens Eye Research Institute, and the 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

PURPOSE. In prior work, it has been found that the meibomian gland is an androgen target organ, that androgens modulate lipid production within this tissue, and that androgen deficiency is associated with glandular dysfunction and evaporative dry eye. This study’s purpose was to test the hypothesis that the androgen control of the meibomian gland involves the regulation of gene expression.

METHODS. Meibomian glands were obtained from orchiectomized mice that were treated with placebo or testosterone for 14 days. Tissues were processed for the analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs by using gene bioarrays, gene chips, and real-time PCR procedures. Bioarray data were analyzed with GeneSifter software (VizX Labs LLC, Seattle, WA).

RESULTS. The results show that testosterone influenced the expression of more than 1590 genes in the mouse meibomian gland. This hormone action involved a significant upregulation of 1080 genes (e.g., neuromedin , and a significant downregulation of 518 genes (e.g., small proline-rich protein 2A). Some of the most significant androgen effects were directed toward stimulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism, sterol biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, protein transport, oxidoreductase activity, and peroxisomes.

CONCLUSIONS. These findings demonstrate that testosterone regulates the expression of numerous genes in the mouse meibomian gland and that many of these genes are involved in lipid metabolic pathways.

http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/122/2/151

Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms in Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
Janine A. Smith, MD; Susan Vitale, PhD, MHS; George F. Reed, PhD; Shirley A. Grieshaber, RN, CRNO; Linda A. Goodman, COT; Vien H. Vanderhoof, RN, CRNP; Karim A. Calis, PharmD, MPH; Lawrence M. Nelson, MBA, MD Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:151-156.

Objective  To examine whether women with premature ovarian failure (POF) have abnormal findings in ocular surface or tear parameters and whether they report symptoms of ocular discomfort compared with age-matched controls.

Methods  Sixty-five patients with POF and 36 age-matched healthy controls were examined for signs and symptoms of dry eye. The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ 25) were administered to the participants. Assessments of ocular surface damage (Oxford and van Bijsterveld scores of vital dye staining) and tear status (Schirmer tests 1 [without anesthesia] and 2 [with anesthesia] and tear breakup time) were performed.

Results  Women with POF scored significantly worse than controls on all ocular surface damage parameters: Oxford score (3.2 vs 1.7; P = .001), conjunctival lissamine green (2.1 vs 1.3; P = .02), corneal fluorescein staining (1.2 vs 0.4; P = .005), and van Bijsterveld score (2.1 vs 1.3; P = .02). Further, the proportion of patients with POF meeting the dry eye diagnostic criterion of a van Bijsterveld score greater than or equal to 4 was significantly greater among women with POF than among controls (20% vs 3%; P = .02). The POF group also tended to have worse scores than controls on self-reported symptoms, as measured by the overall Ocular Surface Disease Index (12.5 vs 2.1; P<.001) and the overall NEI-VFQ (94 vs 98; P = .001) after adjustment for age and race. Schirmer test scores and tear breakup time did not differ.

Conclusions  Women with POF were more likely to exhibit ocular surface damage and symptoms of dry eye than age-matched controls. They were not, however, more likely to have reduced tear production. To our knowledge, this association between ocular surface disease and POF has not been previously reported. These data provide further evidence of the multifaceted role of sex hormones in the health and disease of the ocular surface.

http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreport/pdfs/TOS-0502-DEWS-noAds.pdf 
Based on data from the largest studies of dry eye to date, the Women’s Health Study (WHS), and the Physicians’ Health Study (PHS), and other studies,3-14 it has been estimated that about 3.23 million women and 1.68 million men, for a total of 4.91 million Americans 50 years and older have dry eye.


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tear_system.svg
lacrimal gland Tear system:
a. tear gland / lacrimal gland,
b. superior lacrimal punctum,
c. superior lacrimal canal,
d. tear sac / lacrimal sac,
e. inferior lacrimal punctum,
f. inferior lacrimal canal,
g. nasolacrimal canal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meibomian_gland

The Meibomian glands are the 25-30 oil-producing glands located in both the upper and lower eyelids that release oil slowly into the tear film.  This oil helps to stop the water in the tears from evaporating, so helping to prevent dry eyes.
Dysfunctional meibomian glands often cause dry eyes, one of the more common eye conditions. They may also cause blepharitis, as the dry eyeball rubs off small pieces of skin from the eyelid, which may get infected. Inflammation of the meibomian glands (also known as meibomitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, or posterior blepharitis [1]) causes the glands to be obstructed by thick secretions, the resulting swelling is termed a chalazion. Besides leading to dry eyes, the obstructions can be degraded by bacterial lipases, resulting in the formation of free fatty acids, which irritate the eyes and sometimes cause punctate keratitis.